Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than expected.
The country is searching for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan, as well as styles of art, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these people, and sometimes required them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the end of this period the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, made of huge single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom, which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE) and was left with only its southern territories in Manchuria, and its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to collaborate in order to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job losses.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key factors that seem to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17% said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea focused primarily on educating students and in bringing Christ to them. A significant increase in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event was attended by an impressive crowd of scientists, professors, and church leaders.
The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the nation in universities and churches.
A KACR success was witnessed at KAIST University in Seoul. There, there were enough students fascinated by the concept of creationism that they raised enough money and support to construct an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. 에볼루션카지노 , the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In this period, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers and other instruments.
Korea's new model of development is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is to find the right balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have shaped the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.